For a good number of years I produced the KN4LF Daily HF/MF Radio Propagation
Outlook. I stopped earlier this year due to personal
health reasons. I'm considering producing it again beginning on Wednesday
December 1, 2004. The outlook covers solar, space weather and geomagnetic
activity from the previous 7 days and also a HF/MF propagation outlook for the
next 7 days. I also produce intermediate updates through the week as warranted.
Below is an example of one of my daily HF/MF radio propagation outlooks. If you
think there is a need for such an outlook within the ham and SWL radio
communities post your comments here on the Propagation Reflector at
Contesting.com. If you are not subscribed to this reflector you can join at
http://lists.contesting.com/mailman/listinfo/propagation , or you can email me
directly at kn4lf@arrl.net with you comments.
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KN4LF Daily HF/MF Frequency Radio Propagation Outlook #2004-002
http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf5.htm
http://www.hard-core-dx.com/index.php?topic=Propagation
Date Format is MM/DD/YYYY
Published Saturday 01/10/2004 At 2200 UTC
GLOBAL MF 300-3000 KC PROPAGATION CONDITIONS EXPECTED WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE
MF AM BROADCAST BAND, 160 METERS AND 120 METERS FOR 01/11-13/2004-
I expect to see quiet to active geomagnetic conditions (Kp-2-4) on 01/11/04,
with isolated periods off minor geomagnetic storming (Kp-5) through 01/13/04.
The geomagnetic activity will be in association with the high velocity solar
stream associated with geoeffective (Earth facing) Coronal Hole #075 and any
incoming partially geoeffective Coronal Mass Ejections (CME).
-Expect fair to good "Northern Hemisphere" domestic propagation conditions on
east-west paths.
*Expect poor to fair domestic conditions on north "TO" south paths in the
"Northern Hemisphere" out to approximately 1100 miles.
+Expect good to fair domestic conditions on south "TO" north paths in the
"Northern Hemisphere" out to approximately 1100 miles.
-Expect fair "Southern Hemisphere" domestic propagation conditions on east-west
paths.
+Expect fair domestic conditions on north "TO" south paths in the "Southern
Hemisphere" out to approximately 1100 miles.
*Expect poor conditions on south "TO" north paths in the "Southern Hemisphere"
out to approximately 1100 miles.
Equatorial region domestic propagation conditions out to approximately 1100
miles should be fair to good.
"High latitude" Northern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian,
(TP) Trans Pacific and cross equatorial propagation conditions in excess of
approximately 3200 miles should be poor to fair.
"High latitude" Southern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian,
(TP) Trans Pacific and cross equatorial propagation conditions in excess of
approximately 3200 miles should be poor.
"Mid latitude" Northern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP)
Trans Pacific and cross equatorial propagation conditions in excess of
approximately 3200 miles should be good then becoming fair to good.
"Mid latitude" Southern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP)
Trans Pacific and cross equatorial propagation conditions in excess of
approximately 3200 miles should be fair then becoming fair.
"Low latitude" Northern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP)
Trans Pacific propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles
should be good.
"Low latitude" Southern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP)
Trans Pacific propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles
should be fair.
Equatorial region to Northern Hemisphere "mid latitude" propagation conditions
in excess of approximately 3200 miles should be fair to good.
Equatorial region to Southern Hemisphere "mid latitude" propagation conditions
in excess of 3200 miles should be poor to fair.
Equatorial region to Northern Hemisphere "high latitude" propagation conditions
in excess of approximately 3200 miles should be fair to good.
Equatorial region to Southern Hemisphere "high latitude" propagation conditions
in excess of 3200 miles should be poor to fair.
Propagation Forecast Scales-
Excellent- +1 db Over S9 Or better
Good- S7-9
Fair- S4-6
Poor- S1-3
GLOBAL NOISE (QRN) OUTLOOK-
U.S. LIGHTNING STRIKE DATA
(See Where Your QRN Is Coming From)
Sorry but global views of near real time lightning strikes are no longer
available.
http://www.lightningstorm.com/tux/jsp/gpg/lex1/mapdisplay_free.jsp;jsessionid=70301187101071113657379
During the 72 hour outlook period there will be "moderate lightning induced QRN
levels in low latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere due to the proximity of
the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and tropical cyclones.
Northern hemisphere mid latitude regions can expect "low to moderate" lightning
induced QRN tied to winter season thunderstorms, cold/warm/occluded fronts and
associated extra-tropical cold core low pressure systems.
Northern hemisphere high latitude regions can expect "very low to low"
lightning induced QRN tied to winter season thunderstorms, cold/warm/occluded
fronts and associated extra-tropical cold core low pressure systems.
During the outlook period there will be "high" lightning induced QRN levels in
low latitude areas of the Southern Hemisphere due to the proximity of the Inter
Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and tropical cyclones.
Southern hemisphere mid latitude regions can expect "high" lightning induced
QRN, tied to summer season thunderstorms and tropical cyclones.
Southern hemisphere high latitude regions can expect "moderate" lightning
induced QRN tied to summer season thunderstorms, cold/warm/occluded fronts and
associated extra-tropical cold core low pressure systems.
SOLAR, SPACE WEATHER AND GEOMAGNETIC INDICES FOR 01/02-09/2004-
Sunspot Groups-
#10536 at S12W28 currently contains a beta-gamma-delta twisted magnetic field
capable of producing large M class and isolated huge X class solar flares.
#10537 at N05E37 currently contains a beta-gamma-delta twisted magnetic field
capable of producing large M class and isolated huge X class solar flares.
Fortunately both groups are currently in a weakening phase.
Unfortunately though even small C class solar flares can impact MF propagation
conditions in a negative manner.
Solar Flux Readings- 116 to 125
SEC Sunspot Number- 51 to 118
X-Ray Solar Flares- C-29 M-8 X-0
Averaged Background X-Ray Flux- B2.3 to C1.4
Elevated Energetic Protons >10 MeV (10+o)- None
Geo or partially geoeffective (Earth Facing) Coronal Mass Ejections- 4
Recurrent Coronal Hole #074 which became geoeffective beginning on 01/01/04,
finally lost it's negative impact on Earth's magnetic field on UTC 01/06/04.
The Ap index has been at quiet to major storm levels, with a range of 5 to 59.
The Kp index has been at quiet to minor storm levels, with a range of 1 to 5.
The solar wind speed has ranged between 442 and 890.
Here are some "general" guidelines concerning correlation of propagation
indices to actual expected MF propagation conditions.
1.) Dropping indices numbers are better.
2.) For medium frequencies a solar flux under 150, under 100 better, 70 is best
for E layer multi hop.
Keep in mind though that the 10.7 cm (2800 mhz) solar flux index is not a
"reliable" gauge of ionization in our atmosphere, as the energy of photons at
this frequency is to low on the order of one million times. However most are
used to solar flux and sunspot number and it's a hard habit to break. A better
indicator is the background x-ray flux. See #7.
3.) Solar flux of at least 100 for E valley-F layer ducting mechanism.
4.) Previous 24 hour Ap index under 10, under 7 for several days
consecutively is best.
5.) Previous 3 hour Kp index under 3 for mid latitude paths, under 2 for
high latitude paths, 0-1 for several days consecutively is best.
6.) Energetic protons no greater then 10 MeV (10+0) for 160/120 meters and
no greater then (10-1) on MF broadcast band.
7.) Background x-ray flux levels less than C1 for several days consecutively
for 160/120 meters and less then B9 for MF broadcast band but A9 or less is
best.
8.) No current STRATWARM alert.
9.) IMF Bz with a (+) sign, indicates a lesser chance of high latitude path
auroral absorption/unpredictable refraction or scattering of MF RF signals,
when the Kp is above 3.
10.) A -50 or better towards a positive number Dst index during the recovery
time after a geomagnetic storm, as related to the Equatorial Ring Current.
TODAY'S PROPAGATION LESSON -
3.) Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)-
A Coronal Mass Ejection is the name given to an ejection of a large amount of
matter from the Sun's outer atmosphere or corona. These ejections typically
comprise millions of tons of material in the form of charged particles, and can
be seen because the material reflects sunlight. When one of these ejections is
directed towards the Earth (or conversely, directly away from the Earth), it
looks like a roughly circular "halo" surrounding the Sun.
The "Halo CME's" then are those CME's which are more likely to impact the Earth
than those which are shot out at right angles to the Earth-Sun line. Energetic
protons emitted during CME's play a major role in increased day time and
night-time D-layer absorption of medium frequencies.
Coronal Mass Ejections were once thought to be completely initiated by solar
flares. However it is now known that many (CME's) are not associated with Solar
Flares. If a (CME) collides with the Earth, it can excite a Geomagnetic Storm
if the polarity of the IMF has a negative sign. We must be vigilant in watching
for geo-effective (CME's), in order to not be caught by surprise with a
seemingly sudden and unexpected Geomagnetic Storm.
Space Weather Scales-
Kp Indices-
G5 = Extreme Storm - Kp = 9
G4 = Severe Storm - Kp = 8
G3 = Strong Storm - Kp = 7
G2 = Moderate Storm - Kp = 6
G1 = Minor Storm - Kp = 5
Active - Kp = 4
Unsettled - Kp = 3
Ap Indices-
Ap 100-400 Severe Storm
Ap 50-99 Major Storm
Ap 30-49 Minor Storm
Ap 16-29 Active
Ap 8-15 Unsettled
Ap 0-7 Quiet
Correlation Of Kp To Ap Indices-
K- 0= A- 0
K- 1= A- 3
K- 2= A- 7
K- 3= A- 15
K- 4= A- 27
K- 5= A- 48
K- 6= A- 80
K- 7= A- 140
K- 8= A- 240
K- 9= A- 400
Standard Disclaimer-
Note! I use "RAW" public domain data from the NOAA Space Environment Center, as
well as other U.S. government organizations, to produce my "not for profit"
propagation forecast outlooks. This data is gathered and made public
by the U.S. Government using taxpayer $$$. However the forecast outlooks that I
produce from the "RAW" public domain data, is my personal intellectual
property. Therefore the propagation outlooks contained herein is copyrighted ©
1988-2004 by Thomas F. Giella and the Florida Space and Atmospheric Weather
Institute, all rights reserved. Reproduction of information herein is allowed
as long as proper credit is given.
Also space weather forecasting is still an inexact science. The discussions,
forecasts and outlooks are not official but for educational purposes only and
are subject to human error and acts of God, therefore no guarantee or warranty
implied.
73,
Thomas F. Giella, KN4LF
Retired Space & Atmospheric Weather Forecaster
Plant City, FL, USA
Grid Square EL87WX
Lat & Long 27 58 33.6397 N 82 09 52.4052 W
kn4lf@arrl.net
Propagation eGroup: http://lists.contesting.com/mailman/listinfo/propagation
PropNET Beacon Program: http://www.propnet.org
KN4LF Daily Solar Space Weather & Geomagnetic Data Archive:
http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf5.htm
KN4LF HF/MF Frequency Radio Propagation Theory Notes:
http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf8.htm
KN4LF Amateur & SWL Radio History: http://www.kn4lf.com/index.htm
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