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Re: [RTTY] LMS Notch filter

To: Jeff Blaine <keepwalking188@yahoo.com>
Subject: Re: [RTTY] LMS Notch filter
From: Kok Chen <chen@mac.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Feb 2012 14:40:07 -0800
List-post: <rtty@contesting.com">mailto:rtty@contesting.com>
On Feb 24, 2012, at 1:46 PM, Jeff Blaine wrote:

> Is there a benefit when using a twin peak filter (of whatever 
> implementation) - assuming there is only one signal within the passband?

An arbitrary twin peak filter can actually be detrimental if the software modem 
or TU already includes an optimal filter (a Matched Filter or Raised Cosine 
filter that are designed for the specific baud rate).

My own modus-operandi is to use as wide a receiver filter that I can get away 
with (i.e., without having QRM clipping the receiver chain and the sound card). 
 This presents a signal with the flattest response, and with the least group 
delay, to the modem.  

Then feed that wide signal to a software modem that is specifically designed 
for the baud rate which you are receiving.  

The Raised Cosine filter is the narrowest filter than can be used.  For a 45.45 
baud signal, the Raised Cosine basically has -6 dB points at 23 Hz from the 
center of the mark and space tones -- for 170 Hz shift, you can think of this 
as an optimal "dual peak" filter that is 216 Hz wide, and a hole in the middle. 
 With overall -6 dB width of 216 Hz, and a very sharp skirt, falling to below 
-80 dB by around 260 Hz.  

Don't try this with any dual peak filter/I.F. filter combination that is 216 Hz 
wide, however.  The shape of a filter (plus the group delay) can cause much 
intersymbol interference for an arbitrary 216 Hz filter.  To achieve 216 Hz 
(and not suffer from intersymbol interference) the filters need to be a pair of 
perfect Raised Cosine shapes around the mark and space tones.  So, it looks 
like a dual peak filter, but is not any arbitrary dual peak filter, and you 
need to change the width of the Raised Cosine when you change baud rate.

As long as the QRM is not clipping the sound card, the raised cosine filter 
will completely reject any QRM (and noise) passband that rejects the QRM 
completely outside the 260 Hz passband.  If you receiving chain and sound card 
combination has enough dynamic range, just let the modem reject the QRM .

When there is no QRM, a Matched filter outperforms the Raised Cosine by just a 
tad, but it is also very wide.  For 45.45 baud, the -30 dB points is more than 
500 Hz on each side of the Mark and Space tones.   At some loss in sensitivity 
relative to the Raised Cosine filter, you can "roof" the Matched Filter with an 
IF receive filter when QRM is present, but open the I.F. filter up where there 
is no QRM (weak DX working split, for example). 

Both Raised Cosine and Matched Filters are very difficult/expensive to 
implement in hardware.  That is why a third order Butterworth filter is used in 
the past to achieve optimal RTTY copy in the better TUs.  In software, both 
Matched Filters and Raised Cosine Filters are a matter of properly designing 
the coefficients for an FIR filter.

73
Chen, W7AY

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