On Apr 8, 2012, at 4:25 PM, Joe Subich, W4TV wrote:
>> Not quite sure how close to 110 one can get, but probably less than
>> 109.5 is too close.
>
> With a theoretical bandwidth of around 340 Hz for 170 Hz shift 45.45
> baud FSK, one could get as close as 18,109.9 (MARK). For USB dial
> frequency (AFSK), one would want to stay below 18,110 - MARK - 85 Hz
> which, for 2125/2295 tones (18,110 - 2.295 -.085) is about 18,107.6 KHz.
I did a bit of literature search and there are some conflicting numbers out
there regarding "occupied bandwidth."
The ARRL Web site's DominoEX page (http://www.arrl.org/domino) cites a
bandwidth of 453 Hz for 45 baud RTTY.
This information is repeated in the Appendix of the Fourth Edition of Steve
Ford's "ARRL's HF Digital Handbook," (ISBN 0-87259-103-4) and also mentions
that the ITU Emission Designator for RTTY is 450HJ2B (450.0 Hz).
However, if you refer to the ITU web page on Emission Designators
(http://life.itu.ch/radioclub/rr/ap01.htm), the "necessary bandwidth" formula
for 45.45 baud, 170 Hz shift RTTY yields a value of 249.45 Hz.
Moreover, there is an overriding rule for US hams in Part 2 of Title 47 of the
United States Code of Federal Regulations (amateur specific rules are in Part
97), which you can find here:
http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/1049-measurements-occupied-bandwidth-19845042 ,
specifically Part 2.1049 which specified precisely how to compute "occupied
bandwidth."
Part 2.1049 states
"The occupied bandwidth, that is the frequency bandwidth such that, below its
lower and above its upper frequency limits, the mean powers radiated are each
equal to 0.5 percent of the total mean power radiated by a given emission shall
be measured..."
together with some specifics, for example CW transmitters are measure with a
keyed rate of 16 dots per second, the -35 dB point for harmonic distortion, etc.
2.1049 defines the occupied bandwidth as the bandwidth where 99% of the average
power lies, and more specifically, 0.5% lies below the bandwidth and 0.5% lies
above the bandwidth (since the spectrum may not be, an in general, is not,
symmetrical).
So, I set off last night to create a program that generates continuous phase
RTTY (which presumably all modern RTTY FSK transmitters comply with, and
certainly, all AFSK software modems should be using). Then, grabbing frames
from it to perform an FFT. Each FFT has a resolution of 0.5 Hz, and
approximately 1000 seconds worth of spectrum is averaged.
Here are the results (for 45.45 baud, 170 Hz shift RTTY):
For an RYRYRY sequence (arguably the largest bandwidth hog text sequence, which
is why we use it for testing purposes), the "99% bandwidth" rule gave 314.4 Hz
for 1 stop bit, 300.3 Hz for 1.5 stop bits and 295.4 Hz for 2 stop bits.
When I used the "Quick brown fox" text sequence, I got an FCC occupied
bandwidth of 269.0, 256.0 and 249.5 Hz (for 1, 1.5 and 2 stop bits,
respectively).
Indeed, by using 2 stop bits, the simulation for the FCC "occupied bandwidth"
with "average text" (not worst case text like RYRY) yields a result that is
practically spot on the formula that is given by the ITU site.
(I got curious and tried "<CR>CQ CONTEST W7AY W7AY CQ" and got 262.2, 256.3 and
250.0 Hz, HI HI)
Anyhow, this confirms that the "occupied bandwidth" of steam RTTY is closer to
250 Hz (you can use 270 Hz if you use 1 stop bit) than it is to 400 Hz or 453
Hz.
It is possible that the wider 400 Hz numbers that I cited above are the result
from non-phase continuous RTTY generation (i.e., computed from the convolution
of a sin(x)/x function with the Mark and the Space carriers), but in practice,
all RTTY signals today are of the phase continuous variety.
Even the "Keyed AFSK" generators in the FT-990/1000D are phase continuous by
nature of the pseudo D/A convertor that is built from a ring counter.
Remember that this has nothing to do with the RTTY receive filters. The
numbers above are the pro-forma bandwidths of a transmitted RTTY signal to
comply with FCC rules. When unfiltered, the keying sidebands of a transmitted
RTTY signal is much wider. However, most of the keying sideband fall within
the "0.5% rule."
The narrowest RTTY receive filter that incurs no inter-symbol interference is a
pair of Raised Cosine filters that puts the total bandwidth at about 215 Hz.
As Victor Poor K3NIO mentioned in an 1964 RTTY Bulletin article, you can get
close to the performance of the Raised Cosine by using an analog 3rd order
Butterworth filter whose signal bandwidth is 225 Hz.
Both of these are narrower than the "occupied" transmit bandwidth and you do
lose a little of SNR because of it. The "optimal" RTTY filter is a Matched
Filter, which lets through all keying sidbands (K3NIO also alludes to this fact
in his 1964 article). If you don't use either the Raised Cosine or the K3NIO
filters, the receive filter would have to be much wider to avoid inter-symbol
interference. I have earlier found a whole class of receive filters that has
no inter-symbol interference, and approaches the performance of the Matched
Filter, which I described here:
http://w7ay.net/site/Technical/Extended%20Nyquist%20Filters/index.html .
73
Chen, W7AY
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