[W4HM Spaceweather] Spaceweather Digest, Vol 45, Issue 3

Wed Jul 5 14:20:00 EDT 2017

Could you help get the word out on the new Baofeng BF-U1 H-T for me? This H-T is advertised on eBay as a dual band
VHF/UHF, Tri-power 8W, 16 channel H-T. There is no external way to program it because it has no keyboard, no LCD screen
and no software support from either Baofeng, or CHIRP. Look it up on eBay if you doubt me.
This radio is UHF only, 5W out, 16 channel - this is stated on the heat sink under the battery. The eBay ad is a gross 
misrepresentation of what it really is, and after 4 months of trying to get the sellers of this radio to change the ad
on eBay to reflect what it actually is, the Chinese sellers refuse to change the ad to reflect what the radio really is.
The H-T is similar to the Baofeng BF-888 in capability, but the firmware is different so that you cannot use the BF-888
software to program the BF-U1. The price is attractive at $15 USD, and many Hams have bought this radio only to find that 
it is a falsely advertised H-T, and some are quite angry about it. The sellers on eBay have made it impossible to send 
the radio back for a refund, as the return postage is almost the original cost of the radio. No offers of free return
shipment and refund are offered. Please spread the word on this latest Baofeng mistake.
Best Regards,
Fred Fuhrer - W4FJF

---- spaceweather-request at contesting.com wrote: 

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Today's Topics:

   1. W4HM Daily HF Radio Wave Propagation Forecast #184
      (Thomas F. Giella)
   2. Put this in your browser and watch (ffuhrer at elmore.rr.com)
   3. W4HM Daily HF Radio Wave Propagation Forecast #185
      (Thomas F. Giella)

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Message: 1
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 14:08:17 -0400
From: "Thomas F. Giella" <thomasfgiella at gmail.com>
To: "Thomas W4HM" <thomasfgiella at gmail.com>, "DXLD"
	<dxld at yahoogroups.com>,	"Space Weather @COL"
	<spaceweather at contesting.com>
Subject: [W4HM Spaceweather] W4HM Daily HF Radio Wave Propagation
	Forecast #184
Message-ID: <3F8BDFE7AEF84CBE88E1FBD0CC777EB4 at ThomasPC>
Content-Type: text/plain;	charset="iso-8859-1"

Greetings to my hamateur radio and SWL friends around the globe:

If you find this "not for profit" daily solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussion and HF radio wave propagation forecast useful to your hamateur and SWL radio activities feel free to drop me a line and letting me know that at

thomasfgiella at gmail.com .

Feel free without advanced permission to redistribute this "not for profit" 

daily solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussion and HF radio wave propagation forecast, as long as you redistribute it in its entirety and 

give me credit for it.

Supporting images associated with my "not for profit" daily solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussion and HF radio wave propagation forecast can be found in my Facebook account at https://www.facebook.com/thomasfranklingiellaw4hm

and at http://lists.contesting.com/mailman/listinfo/spaceweather but without supporting images.

It's a NO SPAM "opt" in email type group, so you have to sign up by using an existing email address and creating a password.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#184 Issued on Monday July 3, 2017 at 1800 UTC

Global Daily HF Radio Wave Propagation Forecast- .

HAMATEUR & SW BROADCAST HF BANDS-

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION-

HF radio wave propagation conditions are depressed.

HAMATEUR & SW BROADCAST HF BANDS-

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION-

80-60 (75-60) meters- poor at night and very poor at day, 

40-30 (41-25) meters- fair at night and poor at day,

20-17 (22-16) meters- fair at night and fair at day, 

15 (13) meters- poor at night and fair at day,

12-10 (11) meters- very poor at night and very poor at day.

Keep in mind that almost daily during the northern hemisphere summer season you will find that the 10 (11) meter bands will open via short north-south and east-west propagation paths via sporadic E (Es). 

Also when multiple sporadic E (Es) clouds form and line up correctly much longer propagation paths opens up on east-west paths.

And last but not least north-south propagation paths occur across the equator via trans equatorial propagation (TEP).

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION-

80-60 (75-60) meters- fair at night and poor at day, 

40-30 (41-25) meters- fair at night and fair at day,

20-17 (22-16) meters- very poor at night and fair at day, 

15 (13) meters- very poor at night and poor at day,

12-10 (11) meters- very poor at night and very poor at day.

Received RF signal strength scale-

Very Good- +1 over S9 Or Greater

Good- S7-9

Fair- S4-6

Poor- S1-3

Very Poor- S0

Meter Band Equivalents

Ham & SWL

160->   90

80->     75

60->     60

40->     49, 41

30->     31, 25

20->     22, 19

17->    16, 15

15->    13

12,10-> 11

We are now firmly in summer/winter solstice type of HF radio wave propagation conditions.

This means generally poor HF radio wave propagation conditions in the northern hemisphere especially at day and generally good HF radio wave propagation conditions in the southern hemisphere especially at day.

Globally HF radio wave propagation conditions are most evenly balanced 

during the fall and spring equinoxes and most diametrically opposed during 

the summer and winter solstice.

Conditions change daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and by decade, as the 

sun rises and sets at different times and at different angles from the 

ecliptic, as well as by radio wave frequency. This is due to changes in the 

maximum usable frequency (MUF), lowest usable frequency (LUF) and F layer 

critical frequency (FoF2).

This HF Radio wave propagation forecast is based on the W4HM_Cap HF radio wave propagation prediction software.

The hamateur radio JT65A mode RF signal levels received are based on 5 watts and ? wave dipole up at 40 feet.

The hamateur radio PSK31 mode RF signal levels received are based on 25 watts and ? wave dipole up at 40 feet.

The hamateur radio CW mode RF signal levels received are based on 50 watts and ? wave dipole up at 40 feet.

The hamateur radio SSB RF mode signal levels received are based on 100 watts and ? wave dipole up at 40 feet.

The HF shortwave broadcast band AM Mode RF signal levels are based on 100,000 watts (100 kw) and a typical VOA type curtain array antenna.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Please keep in mind that this is a relatively simplified HF radio wave 

propagation forecast, so as to keep it easily understandable and applicable by the average radio enthusiast.

Globally HF radio wave propagation conditions are most evenly balanced 

during the fall and spring equinoxes and most diametrically opposed during 

the summer and winter solstices.

Conditions change daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and by decade, as the 

sun rises and sets at different times and at different angles from the 

ecliptic, as well as by radio wave frequency. This is due to changes in the 

maximum usable frequency (MUF), lowest usable frequency (LUF) and F layer 

critical frequency (FoF2).

The D and E layers also come into play through RF radio wave signal 

absorption and refraction. And then there is sporadic E (Es) radio wave 

propagation that can really throw a wrench into the gears so to speak.

Things like sporadic E (Es) radio wave propagation and lightning storm 

static can impact HF radio wave propagation in an unpredictable manner and 

mostly bad.

Ongoing solar, space and geomagnetic weather goings on also impact HF radio 

wave propagation conditions in a negative manner.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solar, Space & Geomagnetic Weather Conditions On

Sunday July 2 2017-

Solar activity was very low.

Earth's geomagnetic field was at an active level.

The three daily solar flux index (SFI) numbers were 71.3 71.2 71.0.

The official daily sunspot number (SSN) was 0.

In 2017 officially there were 43 days with a daily sunspot number (SSN) of 

0.

Considering that solar minimum won't occur for approximately 2 more years, 

+/- 1 year, daily SSN's of 0 are occurring now unusually early.

In 2016 officially there were 32 days with a daily sunspot number (SSN) of 

0. Considering that solar minimum won't occur for approximately three more 

years, seeing daily SSN's of 0 occurring now is unusually early.

As we move forward towards the next solar minimum between solar cycle #24 

and #25 the number of days with a 0 daily SSN will steadily increase. 

Eventually every day for many, many, many months will see a 0, the big goose 

egg.

In 2008 I forecasted solar cycle 24 to be the weakest in the past 100 years 

and that forecast verified. I also forecasted that solar cycle 25 would be 

virtually nonexistent, similar to the Dalton type solar minimum that 

occurred in the early 1800's. Other than sunspot magnetic polarity it will probably be very difficult to determine when solar cycle 24 ended and solar cycle 25 began.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There was 0 newly risen and/or emerged and/or existing official sun spot group (SSG).

There was 0 unofficial and as of yet unnumbered earth facing sunspot group (SSG).

One medium in size M1.3 class solar flare occurred.

On Monday July 3, 2017 beginning at 1615 UTC an X-ray related day side high latitude solar fade out (SFO) (also related polar cap absorption) is occurring. 

No energetic proton related day side high latitude No energetic proton related day side high latitude solar fade out (SFO) (also related polar cap absorption) occurred.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There was a no earth facing coronal mass ejection (CME).

There was no earth facing collapsing magnetic filament eruption.

The 24 hour period 3 hour interval planetary K index (Kp) was at active to quiet geomagnetic conditions of 

3 3 4 4 3 2 3 3.

The Kp geomagnetic indices are-

0-2- quiet

3- unsettled

4- active

5- minor geomagnetic storming

6- moderate

7- strong

8- severe

9- extreme

10- our atmosphere just got cooked off like on Mars and we are all dead.

The 24 hour period maximum and minimum planetary A index (Ap) ranged between

32 and 6,

which was at minor geomagnetic storming conditions to quiet geomagnetic conditions.

The Ap geomagnetic indices are-

0-7- quiet

8-15 unsettled

16-29- active

30-49- minor geomagnetic storm

50-99- major

100-400- severe

>401- our atmosphere just got cooked off like on Mars and we are all dead.

The 24 hour period averaged energetic proton flux was at a background level below 10 MeV.

The 24 hour period averaged background x-ray flux was at B8.1.

The 24 hour period averaged vertical component (Bz) of earth's geomagnetic magnetic field was at

+1.22 nT north.

The 24 hour period maximum and minimum disturbance storm time index (Dst) ranged between

 -9 and +20 nT. 

The 24 hour period maximum and minimum solar wind speed ranged between

514 and 318 km/s. There was small newly emerged northern hemisphere earth facing coronal hole, #812.  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GENERAL GUIDELINES CONCERNING CORRELATION OF PROPAGATION INDICES TO ACTUAL HF PROPAGATION CONDITIONS-

NOTE!!! The propagation indices "interpretations" are my personal 

intellectual property. Therefore the radio wave propagation indices 

interpretations contained herein is copyrighted ? 1988-2017 by Thomas F. 

allowed without permission in advance as long as proper credit is given.

All 14 of the following indices have to occur as described below in order to 

see the best global high frequency radio wave propagation possible,

something that happens rarely.

1.) Dropping geomagnetic field indices numbers are better, Kp of 0 best.

2.) A daily sunspot number of 150 or higher, 200 or higher best.

3.) A daily sunspot number of greater than 100 for routine stable formation 

of the E Valley/F Layer ducting mechanism.

4.) Previous 24 hour Ap index under 10, fewer than 7 for several days 

consecutively are best.

5.) Previous 3 hours Kp index fewer than 3 for mid latitude paths, fewer 

than 2 for high latitude paths, 0 for several days consecutively is best.

6.) Energetic protons no greater than 10 MeV (10+0).

7.) Background x-ray flux levels greater than B1 for several days 

consecutively, greater than C1 best.

8.) No current STRATWARM alert.

9.) Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz with a (positive number) sign, 

indicates a lesser chance of high latitude path aurora 

absorption/unpredictable refraction or scattering of medium frequency RF 

signals, when the Kp is above 3.

10.) A -10 or better towards a positive number Dst index during the recovery 

time after a geomagnetic storm, as related to the equatorial ring current. A 

positive number is best.

11.) Rising positive T index number. The T Index tracks with the F2 layer 

critical frequency (foF2) and sunspot number (SSN) and indicates the 

capability of the F2 layer to refract RF signals.

12.) Galactic cosmic rays decrease to -3 units below zero and trending 

towards zero.

13.) Energetic electron flux levels no greater than 2 MeV (2+0).

14. A solar wind speed of less than 300 km/s for several days consecutively.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Standard Disclaimer-

Note! I use error prone RAW public domain data from the NOAA Space 

Environment Center, other U.S. government entities and educational 

institutions, to produce my comprehensive HF radio wave propagation 

forecast. This data is gathered and made public by the U.S. Government using 

taxpayer $$$ (including mine).

However the solar, space and geomagnetic discussions as well as the HF propagation forecast that I produce from the RAW public domain 

data is my personal intellectual property. Therefore the solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussions and HF radio wave 

propagation forecast contained herein is copyrighted ? 1988-2017 by Thomas 

F. Giella, W4HM.

Feel free without advanced permission to redistribute this "not for profit" 

solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussion and HF radio wave propagation forecast, as long as you redistribute it in its entirety and 

give me credit for it.

Also solar, space and geomagnetic weather forecasting is still an inexact 

science. The forecasts are not official but for educational and hobby 

related purposes only and are subject to human error and acts of God, 

therefore no guarantee or warranty implied. 

------------------------------

Message: 2
Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2017 3:13:19 +0000
From: <ffuhrer at elmore.rr.com>
To: undisclosed-recipients:;
Subject: [W4HM Spaceweather] Put this in your browser and watch
Message-ID: <20170704031320.57C2Q.90851.root at cdptpa-web04>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8

All,
You may wish to take the time to watch these two videos - I did.
Regards,
F.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIdTHFujDnI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6EVKpN8JHU

------------------------------

Message: 3
Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2017 11:51:37 -0400
From: "Thomas F. Giella" <thomasfgiella at gmail.com>
To: "Thomas W4HM" <thomasfgiella at gmail.com>, "DXLD"
	<dxld at yahoogroups.com>,	"Space Weather @COL"
	<spaceweather at contesting.com>
Subject: [W4HM Spaceweather] W4HM Daily HF Radio Wave Propagation
	Forecast #185
Message-ID: <D95A99F29B8E4CC5B6D1CA4D93466DC9 at ThomasPC>
Content-Type: text/plain;	charset="iso-8859-1"

Greetings to my hamateur radio and SWL friends around the globe:

If you find this "not for profit" daily solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussion and HF radio wave propagation forecast useful to your hamateur and SWL radio activities feel free to drop me a line and letting me know that at

thomasfgiella at gmail.com .

Feel free without advanced permission to redistribute this "not for profit" 

daily solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussion and HF radio wave propagation forecast, as long as you redistribute it in its entirety and 

give me credit for it.

Supporting images associated with my "not for profit" daily solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussion and HF radio wave propagation forecast can be found in my Facebook account at https://www.facebook.com/thomasfranklingiellaw4hm

and at http://lists.contesting.com/mailman/listinfo/spaceweather but without supporting images.

It's a NO SPAM "opt" in email type group, so you have to sign up by using an existing email address and creating a password.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#185 Issued on Tuesday July 4, 2017 at 1530 UTC

Global Daily HF Radio Wave Propagation Forecast- 

HF radio wave propagation conditions are depressed.

HAMATEUR & SW BROADCAST HF BANDS-

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION-

80-60 (75-60) meters- poor at night and very poor at day, 

40-30 (41-25) meters- fair at night and poor at day,

20-17 (22-16) meters- fair at night and fair at day, 

15 (13) meters- poor at night and fair at day,

12-10 (11) meters- very poor at night and very poor at day.

Keep in mind that almost daily during the northern hemisphere summer season you will find that the 10 (11) meter bands will open via short north-south and east-west propagation paths via sporadic E (Es). 

Also when multiple sporadic E (Es) clouds form and line up correctly much longer propagation paths opens up on east-west paths.

And last but not least north-south propagation paths occur across the equator via trans equatorial propagation (TEP).

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION-

80-60 (75-60) meters- fair at night and poor at day, 

40-30 (41-25) meters- fair at night and fair at day,

20-17 (22-16) meters- very poor at night and fair at day, 

15 (13) meters- very poor at night and poor at day,

12-10 (11) meters- very poor at night and very poor at day.

Received RF signal strength scale-

Very Good- +1 over S9 Or Greater

Good- S7-9

Fair- S4-6

Poor- S1-3

Very Poor- S0

Meter Band Equivalents

Ham & SWL

160->   90

80->     75

60->     60

40->     49, 41

30->     31, 25

20->     22, 19

17->    16, 15

15->    13

12,10-> 11

We are now firmly in summer/winter solstice type of HF radio wave propagation conditions.

This means generally poor HF radio wave propagation conditions in the northern hemisphere especially at day and generally good HF radio wave propagation conditions in the southern hemisphere especially at day.

Globally HF radio wave propagation conditions are most evenly balanced 

during the fall and spring equinoxes and most diametrically opposed during 

the summer and winter solstice.

Conditions change daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and by decade, as the 

sun rises and sets at different times and at different angles from the 

ecliptic, as well as by radio wave frequency. This is due to changes in the 

maximum usable frequency (MUF), lowest usable frequency (LUF) and F layer 

critical frequency (FoF2).

This HF Radio wave propagation forecast is based on the W4HM_Cap HF radio wave propagation prediction software.

The hamateur radio JT65A mode RF signal levels received are based on 5 watts and ? wave dipole up at 40 feet.

The hamateur radio PSK31 mode RF signal levels received are based on 25 watts and ? wave dipole up at 40 feet.

The hamateur radio CW mode RF signal levels received are based on 50 watts and ? wave dipole up at 40 feet.

The hamateur radio SSB RF mode signal levels received are based on 100 watts and ? wave dipole up at 40 feet.

The HF shortwave broadcast band AM Mode RF signal levels are based on 100,000 watts (100 kw) and a typical VOA type curtain array antenna.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Please keep in mind that this is a relatively simplified HF radio wave 

propagation forecast, so as to keep it easily understandable and applicable by the average radio enthusiast.

Globally HF radio wave propagation conditions are most evenly balanced 

during the fall and spring equinoxes and most diametrically opposed during 

the summer and winter solstices.

Conditions change daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and by decade, as the 

sun rises and sets at different times and at different angles from the 

ecliptic, as well as by radio wave frequency. This is due to changes in the 

maximum usable frequency (MUF), lowest usable frequency (LUF) and F layer 

critical frequency (FoF2).

The D and E layers also come into play through RF radio wave signal 

absorption and refraction. And then there is sporadic E (Es) radio wave 

propagation that can really throw a wrench into the gears so to speak.

Things like sporadic E (Es) radio wave propagation and lightning storm 

static can impact HF radio wave propagation in an unpredictable manner and 

mostly bad.

Ongoing solar, space and geomagnetic weather goings on also impact HF radio 

wave propagation conditions in a negative manner.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solar, Space & Geomagnetic Weather Conditions On

Monday July 3 2017-

Solar activity was very low.

Earth's geomagnetic field was at a quiet level.

The three daily solar flux index (SFI) numbers were 72.3 71.7 72.2.

The official daily sunspot number (SSN) was 0.

In 2017 officially there were 44 days with a daily sunspot number (SSN) of 

0.

Considering that solar minimum won't occur for approximately 2 more years, 

+/- 1 year, daily SSN's of 0 are occurring now unusually early.

In 2016 officially there were 32 days with a daily sunspot number (SSN) of 

0. Considering that solar minimum won't occur for approximately three more 

years, seeing daily SSN's of 0 occurring now is unusually early.

As we move forward towards the next solar minimum between solar cycle #24 

and #25 the number of days with a 0 daily SSN will steadily increase. 

Eventually every day for many, many, many months will see a 0, the big goose 

egg.

In 2008 I forecasted solar cycle 24 to be the weakest in the past 100 years 

and that forecast verified. I also forecasted that solar cycle 25 would be 

virtually nonexistent, similar to the Dalton type solar minimum that 

occurred in the early 1800's. Other than sunspot magnetic polarity it will probably be very difficult to determine when solar cycle 24 ended and solar cycle 25 began.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There was 0 newly risen and/or emerged and/or existing official sun spot group (SSG).

There was 0 unofficial and as of yet unnumbered earth facing sunspot group (SSG).

No C class or larger solar flare occurred.

No energetic proton or x-ray related day side high latitude solar fade out (SFO) occurred (also related polar cap absorption).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There was a no earth facing coronal mass ejection (CME).

There was no earth facing collapsing magnetic filament eruption.

The 24 hour period 3 hour interval planetary K index (Kp) was at quiet geomagnetic conditions of 

2 2 1 1 0 1 1 2.

The Kp geomagnetic indices are-

0-2- quiet

3- unsettled

4- active

5- minor geomagnetic storming

6- moderate

7- strong

8- severe

9- extreme

10- our atmosphere just got cooked off like on Mars and we are all dead.

The 24 hour period maximum and minimum planetary A index (Ap) ranged between

7 and 2,

which was at quiet geomagnetic conditions.

The Ap geomagnetic indices are-

0-7- quiet

8-15 unsettled

16-29- active

30-49- minor geomagnetic storm

50-99- major

100-400- severe

>401- our atmosphere just got cooked off like on Mars and we are all dead.

The 24 hour period averaged energetic proton flux was at a background level below 10 MeV.

The 24 hour period averaged background x-ray flux was at A6.5.

The 24 hour period averaged vertical component (Bz) of earth's geomagnetic magnetic field was at

-1.35 nT south.

The 24 hour period maximum and minimum disturbance storm time index (Dst) ranged between

 +1 and +14 nT. 

The 24 hour period maximum and minimum solar wind speed ranged between

445 and 351 km/s and coupled by a high velocity solar wind stream (HSS) to SSG 12664 which had already set around the west limb of the sun. There was a small southern hemisphere earth facing coronal hole (CH), #811. There was a transequatorial earth facing coronal hole (CH), #812.  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GENERAL GUIDELINES CONCERNING CORRELATION OF PROPAGATION INDICES TO ACTUAL HF PROPAGATION CONDITIONS-

NOTE!!! The propagation indices "interpretations" are my personal 

intellectual property. Therefore the radio wave propagation indices 

interpretations contained herein is copyrighted ? 1988-2017 by Thomas F. 

allowed without permission in advance as long as proper credit is given.

All 14 of the following indices have to occur as described below in order to 

see the best global high frequency radio wave propagation possible,

something that happens rarely.

1.) Dropping geomagnetic field indices numbers are better, Kp of 0 best.

2.) A daily sunspot number of 150 or higher, 200 or higher best.

3.) A daily sunspot number of greater than 100 for routine stable formation 

of the E Valley/F Layer ducting mechanism.

4.) Previous 24 hour Ap index under 10, fewer than 7 for several days 

consecutively are best.

5.) Previous 3 hours Kp index fewer than 3 for mid latitude paths, fewer 

than 2 for high latitude paths, 0 for several days consecutively is best.

6.) Energetic protons no greater than 10 MeV (10+0).

7.) Background x-ray flux levels greater than B1 for several days 

consecutively, greater than C1 best.

8.) No current STRATWARM alert.

9.) Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz with a (positive number) sign, 

indicates a lesser chance of high latitude path aurora 

absorption/unpredictable refraction or scattering of medium frequency RF 

signals, when the Kp is above 3.

10.) A -10 or better towards a positive number Dst index during the recovery 

time after a geomagnetic storm, as related to the equatorial ring current. A 

positive number is best.

11.) Rising positive T index number. The T Index tracks with the F2 layer 

critical frequency (foF2) and sunspot number (SSN) and indicates the 

capability of the F2 layer to refract RF signals.

12.) Galactic cosmic rays decrease to -3 units below zero and trending 

towards zero.

13.) Energetic electron flux levels no greater than 2 MeV (2+0).

14. A solar wind speed of less than 300 km/s for several days consecutively.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Standard Disclaimer-

Note! I use error prone RAW public domain data from the NOAA Space 

Environment Center, other U.S. government entities and educational 

institutions, to produce my comprehensive HF radio wave propagation 

forecast. This data is gathered and made public by the U.S. Government using 

taxpayer $$$ (including mine).

However the solar, space and geomagnetic discussions as well as the HF propagation forecast that I produce from the RAW public domain 

data is my personal intellectual property. Therefore the solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussions and HF radio wave 

propagation forecast contained herein is copyrighted ? 1988-2017 by Thomas 

F. Giella, W4HM.

Feel free without advanced permission to redistribute this "not for profit" 

solar, space and geomagnetic weather discussion and HF radio wave propagation forecast, as long as you redistribute it in its entirety and 

give me credit for it.

Also solar, space and geomagnetic weather forecasting is still an inexact 

science. The forecasts are not official but for educational and hobby 

related purposes only and are subject to human error and acts of God, 

therefore no guarantee or warranty implied. 

------------------------------

Subject: Digest Footer

_______________________________________________
Spaceweather mailing list
Spaceweather at contesting.com
http://lists.contesting.com/mailman/listinfo/spaceweather

------------------------------

End of Spaceweather Digest, Vol 45, Issue 3
*******************************************