Topband: Topband Takeoff Angles

[KN4LF, Thomas Giella]

Bert Asked:
Is there any information out there on most useful TOA's on 160m, in
particular for the Eastern NA to Europe path?

Thomas KN4LF Says:
Well most antennas in the real world transmit "some" RF energy at virtually
all angles but Uncle Sam research says it's necessary to focus
the majority (so to speak) of the RF under 30 deg. with 18-22 deg. being
optimum to enter the E valley-F layer duct or for chordal hop propagation
past approximately 3100 miles. Of course though as the ionosphere changes
density and height continuously it's a "highly" variable thing.

73,
Thomas Giella, KN4LF